Viitorul energetic al Europei în contextul Green Deal

Pe 11 decembrie 2019 a fost prezentat la nivelul Comisiei Europene pactul Green Deal, care promite reducerea la minimum a emisiilor de carbon și obținerea așa-numitei „neutralități climatice” (engl.: Climate Neutrality) până în anul 2050. Pentru aceasta, pe baza unor obiective intermediare stabilite a fi atinse în anul 2030, Uniunea Europeană propune statelor membre un efort comun în demersurile de stimulare a surselor curate de producție a energiei. Estimările arătau că, până la finalul stabilit al acestor demersuri, va trebui alocați nu mai puțin de 100 miliarde de dolari pe an doar pentru generare și stocare de energie, în contextul în care investițiile curente se ridică la doar 60 miliarde dolari pe an.

Decarbonizarea este un obiectiv ambițios, chiar și dacă stabilim un termen aparent generos de 30 de ani, pentru că presupune ca majoritatea surselor de producție a energiei să fie de natură regenerabilă, curată, cu generări nesemnificative de dioxid de carbon. În ritmul actual și mai ales dacă ținem cont de dificultățile sociale ale renunțării la sursele tradiționale (cum ar fi cărbunele), această tranziție este imposibilă fără o intervenție directă și concentrată la nivel de state membre.

Tehnologiile actuale se îndreaptă către utilizarea unei cantități din ce în ce mai mari de energie. Autovehiculele, locuințele și chiar industriile tranzitează de la combustibilii clasici către energia electrică într-un ritm greu de anticipat până nu de mult. De aceea, pe măsură ce tot mai multe sectoare se electrifică, este important ca această electrificare să fie făcută inteligent și cu o privire de ansamblu corectă.

Ca un exemplu, nu mai este deja o noutate faptul că tot mai multe companii producătoare de autovehicule încep să se concentreze pe asigurarea unei infrastructuri de încărcare a mașinilor electrice. Din această perspectivă, conștientizarea și implicarea directă a statului în procesele ce țin de stațiile de încărcare, cu asigurarea prezenței unor surse regenerabile de energie în proximitatea lor, pot asigura, încă de la debutul acestui sector al încărcărilor mașinilor electrice, sustenabilitatea pe termen lung și lipsa apariției problemelor ce pot rezulta din simpla introducere a stațiilor în sistemul electroenergetic național fără a gestiona diferit sursele din care provine energia electrică.

Având în centru scopul neutralității climatice până în anul 2050, Uniunea Europeană a început deja să construiască instrumente și să propună soluții de aplicat în toate statele membre. Unul dintre aceste instrumente, Sistemul Comunitar de Comercializare a Cotelor de Emisii de Gaze cu Efect de Seră (EU ETS), funcționează din ce în ce mai vizibil, chiar dacă debutul acestui program s-a realizat încă din 2005. Prin acest sistem, dar și prin celelalte instrumente existente, este obligatoriu ca în următorii 10 ani emisiile de carbon să fie cel puțin monitorizate și controlate în așa manieră încât perioada 2030-2050 să fie dedicată reducerii semnificative a acestora și în alocarea de investiții importante pentru construirea mijloacelor alternative.
În consecință, apare nevoia, mai ales dacă ținem cont de posibilitățile investiționale ale statelor mai puțin dezvoltate din cadrul Uniunii Europene (în frunte cu România și Bulgaria), de a analiza toate sectoarele care trebuie implicate în procesul de reducere a emisiilor de carbon.

Publicat integral in revista Economistul nr. 7-8. 2020

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